The perceived strength of the Chinese response resulted in major reinforcement for Japanese units. The beginning of full-scale war meant that China would no longer stand idly and allow Japan to conquer its territories piece by piece as it had done in the past. In his memoir, General Li Zongren pointed out that Chiang's staff had proposed that the Chinese army reserve around ten divisions along the Wufu Line to protect Nanjing and felt it made no difference if Shanghai could be held for a few months longer at the expense of huge casualties. The Chinese often had to turn to bombed-out houses to obtain bricks, beams, and other such materials. Episode 11: Jews in Shanghai during WW2. Journey from Shanghai. Jinshanwei was only forty kilometers away from the banks of Suzhou River where the Chinese troops had just retreated from the fall of Dachang. These residential areas were modern, with good roads and parking lots for automobiles. Osprey Publishing 2017 data: 18,800 dead (c. 17,000 combat deaths plus about 1,800 illness-induced deaths), 35,000–40,000 wounded, and 40,000 sick[2]. The goal of this site is two fold. In addition, Chinese coastal defense works were hastily constructed and did not offer much protection against enemy attacks, as many trenches were newly constructed during lulls in fighting. The 2nd Battalion also in Shanghai had 20 Vickers Mark E tanks, 4 VCL Tanks and Carden Loyd tankettes. [15] However, among Russian emigration was layered, also including several well-to-do members. America had begun to support the … Various street scenes also Japs round up the Chinese. Bellucci, Lucille. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field. The foreign concessions, which remained largely intact, entered what became known as the "Solitary Island" period — an enclave of prosperity surrounded by war zones — attracting some 400,000 Chinese refugees in 4 years. The 3rd Battalion had 10 Panzer I light tanks, 20 CV35 tankettes, and some Leichter Panzerspähwagen armored cars. After problems during its initial few years, the Public Garden north of the Bund – China's first public park and today's Huangpu Park – was for decades reserved for the foreign nationals and forbidden to Chinese natives. During the war years, the Jewish communities in the Far East living under the Japanese occupation - principally the 30,000 in Shanghai- but also small communities in other Chinese cities and throughout the Netherlands East Indies and Philippines - lived under an administrative policy that was noteworthy for its generally neutral attitude. [35], Economic and cultural rebound (1990s–Present), Gregory Bracken, "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." The Shanghai Expeditionary Army also arrived on the same day. [4], By the 4th and 5th centuries CE, during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420), a thriving fishing industry had developed along the Song River—now known as Suzhou Creek,[5]—a tributary of the Huangpu River. Plot. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}31°13′56″N 121°28′08″E / 31.2323°N 121.4690°E / 31.2323; 121.4690, Official Japanese war records: 59,493+ (40,672 including 9,115 killed before November 8. These slowly lost their privileges and had to wear letters – B, A, or N – when walking in public places; their villas were turned into brothels and gambling houses. British and American businessmen made a great deal of money in trade and finance, and Germans used Shanghai as a base for investing in China. One of the first actions taken by the Communist party was to kill people considered counter-revolutionaries. Shanghai had its first contact with the Jesuits in 1603 when the Shanghai scholar-bureaucrat Xu Guangqi was baptized by Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci. The modern Jiading, Minhang and Fengxian districts emerged around 1,000 BC while the downtown area remained underwater. On August 23, the Japanese began the bombing campaign over Nanjing, and various cities in Central China. Mary Previte recalls a childhood spent in a Japanese internment camp in China in World War Two, where she learned to fight rats, flies and bedbugs. The 88th Division was to attack Japanese army headquarters near Zhabei, and the 87th Division was to attack the reinforced Kung-ta Textile Mill, where the Japanese naval command was located. The Chinese fought back in what was known as the January 28 Incident. Again, the League was not able to formulate any effective sanctions against Japan other than an October 4 statement that gave China "spiritual support." Because Shanghai was the most important Chinese city in Western eyes, the troops had to fight and hold on to the city as long as possible, rather than moving toward the defense lines along nameless towns en route to Nanjing. However, the Chinese were no match for Japanese firepower. Losses to the Nationalist army's very small stock of armor were also significant. [citation needed]. “Harbor from the Holocaust” airs on Tuesday, September 8 at 9 p.m. The experience inspired much of his later fiction.[22]. Russian artists dominated Shanghai's artistic life almost single-handedly. The Treaty of Shimonoseki which ended the First Sino-Japanese War saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign power in Shanghai. The Shanghai Jewish Refugees museum commemorates the city's large, vibrant community before and during the Second World War. Chongming contains substantial rural land and a number of rural residents who continue to farm for their livelihood. [20] Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality in May 1930. The Chinese would continue to sustain this level of casualties throughout the Shanghai campaign. As the Chinese forces began to withdraw from the Shanghai area, more Japanese troops began to land near Shanghai, inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese side. For the 1932 Japanese attack on Shanghai, see, Japanese landing (23 August – 10 September), Combat around Luodian (11 September – 30 September), Battle for Dachang (1 October – 26 October), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Order of battle of the Battle of Shanghai, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Air Warfare of WWII from the Sino-Japanese perspective, "Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began", "Articles published during wartime by former Domei News Agency released online in free-to-access archive", "Chinese biplane fighter aces - 'John' Wong Pan-Yang", "Chinese Air Force vs. the Empire of Japan", "Japanese Cruiser Sails. Three diplomats played a … Attacking america, however, chabged the dynamic of Japan's war in China. Overall, even though Chinese losses were irreparable, the strategy of trading "space for time" proved its worth. The western part of Shanghai grew to a size four times larger than the Chinese part had been in the early 20th century. On the other hand, Chinese citizens feverishly welcomed the presence of Chinese troops in the city. The crowd of about 100, which included several generations of descendants, came to celebrate the stories — some perilous and some joyous — of the Jews who called Shanghai home during the war years. The fighting devastated much of the countryside but left the foreign settlements untouched. At last Mayor Yu made it clear that at most the Chinese government would concede that the Chinese troops would not fire unless fired upon. On 12 August, representatives from the United Kingdom, France, United States and Italy along with Japan and China participated in the joint conference held in Shanghai to discuss the ceasefire terms. Japan during the War wanted to declare Shanghai an "open city" (1942). It bought up all the local gas-suppliers, electricity producers and water-companies. Instead, society was controlled by the native place associations. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the remaining troops of the 98th Division to defend the town. Harbor from the Holocaust is the story of nearly 20,000 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II, to the Chinese port city of Shanghai. While the Western powers were in session to mediate the situation, the Chinese troops were making their final stand in Shanghai and had all hopes for a Western intervention that would save China from collapse. The Japanese demanded that the Chinese withdraw all Peace Preservation Corps from Shanghai and all regular troops from the vicinities of the city. The next morning the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) began bombing various Japanese targets and Chinese ground forces attacked at 3 pm. In 1846, Peter Richards founded Richards' Hotel, the first western hotel in China. [9] At this time, five of Huating Zhen's villages were amalgamated to form a new Shanghai County (上海县; 上海縣; Shànghǎi xiàn) on the site of the modern city centre. The situation in Baoshan was grim, as the Japanese had surrounded the town on September 5. “Others, who … Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese ended all foreign concessions in Shanghai except for the French. Japanese artillery strikes reduced the town to rubble, and Yao was killed in house-to-house fighting. The Chinese then staged a final counteroffensive in an attempt to fully consolidate Chinese positions around Dachang and retake the banks of the Yunzaobin River. During the night, Chinese soldiers mined the roads connecting the coastal towns to Luodian and engaged in night combat to cut off Japanese advance troops. Around 6000 BCE, only the western part of the Shanghai region encompassing today's Qingpu, Songjiang and Jinshan districts were dry land formed by lacustrine silting from ancient Lake Tai. However, through three months of intense fighting, Chinese troop strength had been greatly reduced. At about 4am in the morning, we heard heavy gunfire from the Japanese cruiser H.I.J.M.S Izumo which sank the American gunboat U.S.S Wake and H.M.S Petrel, it … The nationalists had cooperated with gang leaders since the revolution. The resistance of Chinese forces, however, shocked the Japanese,[10][clarification needed] who had been indoctrinated with notions of cultural and martial superiority, and dramatically demoralized the Imperial Japanese Army. Most Westerners were completely unaware that the hotel was now a prison even though it was a mere two blocks from Shanghai’s classically designed Central Post Office, an impressive landmark even today. The Chinese soldiers had to rely primarily on small-caliber weapons in their defense of Shanghai, against an overwhelming Japanese onslaught of air, naval, and armored power. Yan Jin. On August 22, the tanks of the 36th Division reached the docks, but were unable to hold the position for long. It lasted from August 13, 1937, to November 26, 1937, and was one of the largest and bloodiest battles of the entire war, later described as "Stalingrad on the Yangtze",[6] and is often regarded as the battle where World War II started. Late that night, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Zhang Zhizhong to begin Chinese offensive operations the next day. However, the situation was bleak. Lacking the heavy weapons to destroy the Japanese bunkers directly, Zhang Zhizhong decided to encircle them instead. The guard stopped him again and Oyama shot and killed the guard. On August 19, Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe announced that the Sino-Japanese conflict could only be resolved through war, regardless of any attempts at negotiation by third party nations. The major powers did not wish to see another January 28 Incident, which greatly disrupted foreign economic activities in Shanghai. The entire battalion, except for one soldier, was killed in action. Shanghai as the business capital of China amd major port was extremely important in Japan's efforts to exploit China to support the war effort. Chiang Kai-shek's strategy of bringing the fight to Shanghai to force Japan to adopt an east-to-west direction of attack also prevented Japan from cutting right into Central China. Thus, out of a grand total of almost two million men-in-arms, less than one hundred thousand Chinese troops were able to fight Japan on more or less equal terms. Meanwhile, traditional division of society by native place associations was falling apart. The Japanese utilized some 700 artillery pieces and 150 bombers for the Dachang operation and the town was totally reduced to rubble. [17], European and American inhabitants of Shanghai called themselves the Shanghailanders. The 88th Division retaliated with mortar attacks. total run time = 10:20, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shanghai&oldid=1015718963, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2010, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles needing additional references from October 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Japanese capture of Shanghai (excluding the, * Van de Ven, Hans, "The Battle of Shanghai," Ch. About 20,000 had arrived seeking refuge as the Nazis gained strength. Access to Hongqiao Airport was a violation of the terms agreed by China and Japan under the terms of the ceasefire signed in 1932. Meanwhile, the 87th Division broke through Japanese lines at Yangshupu, and pushed onto the Hueishan docks along with the 36th Division. This took place on the same day, although it was 8 December in Shanghai because it was on the other side of the International Date Line. Chinese government was hardly organized, for the foreign governments controlled the economy. In addition, most Western nations had little prospect that their intervention would help China in the long run because they believed that China would eventually lose. However, as insignificant as they were, these factories formed the core of China's wartime industry, especially in the bleak days of the blockade of the entire Chinese coast, the closure of the Burma Road, and the low tonnage of supplies flown over the Hump. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Shanghai was famous as China’s international city, a busy trade port with notorious underworld . Based on this political strategy, Chiang Kai-shek had to order his troops to fight to the death in an attempt to arouse international sympathy and cause the international community to adopt measures that would help China and sanction Japan. The two sides fought to a standstill and a ceasefire was brokered in May. The Green Gang became a major influence in the Shanghai International Settlement, with the Commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police reporting that corruption associated with the trade had affected a large proportion of his force. As the Japanese came closer to Nanjing, the fighting grew in both frequency and severity.[27]. During that time, Shanghai became the focal point of many activities that would eventually shape modern China. It was, along with Franco's Spain, the only location in the world unconditionally open to Jews at the time. Chiang criticized Zhang's failure to make sufficient preparations, especially the procurement of weapons capable of penetrating Japanese bunkers, before sending the troops in massive waves, which resulted in unsustainable casualties in many divisions right from the start. [29], Shanghai suffered less than many other cities during World War II, and the Japanese occupiers attempted to maintain many aspects of life as they had been before. The Wufu Line was penetrated on November 19, and the Chinese troops then moved toward Xicheng Line, which they were forced to give up on November 26 in the midst of the onslaught. Assuming that capture of the Chinese capital would be the decisive turning point in the war, there was an eagerness to be among the first to claim the honor of victory. In his correspondence with Hu Shih, Chiang wrote that China was capable of withstanding six months of combat before changes in the international situation would have to end the war. In 1853, Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels called the Small Swords Society. In addition, on October 5, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the Quarantine Speech, calling for the United States to help nations fight against aggressor nations. On the same day, August 14, the Chinese government issued the Proclamation of Self-Defense and War of Resistance (自衛抗戰聲明書), explaining the government's resolution against Japanese aggression. Thus, Chinese commanders were pessimistic about the outcome of the Suzhou Creek combat. They paid heavily for the defense. Japanese landings at Jinshanwei meant that the Chinese army had to retire from the Shanghai front and attempt a breakout. On September 11, with the fall of Baoshan, the Chinese Army moved into defensive positions around the small town of Luodian (羅店), the transportation center connecting Baoshan, downtown Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang and several other towns with highways. The rest of the Chinese troops crossed the Suzhou Creek and regrouped to engage the Japanese troops. Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army was never to recover from these devastating losses. Of those, only 35,000-50,000 were of European origin, but these controlled half the city under the unequal treaties that provided extraterritoriality until 1943. Tensions within the city led to a wave of assassinations against Chinese officials who worked with the Japanese authorities: during January and February, 1939, 16 pro-Japanese officials and businessmen were assassinated by Chinese resistance organizations. Despite their numerical superiority, the defense of Luodian would prove impossible for the Chinese. On August 18, Chen Cheng reached the front lines to discuss the situation with Zhang Zhizhong. The film explores the relationship of the refugees and their host city, and the survivors who carried on the traditions that would have been consigned to oblivion. As World War II began, approximately 30,000 Jews lived in Shanghai. By the end of September, the Chinese had been almost bled dry and were forced to give up Luodian. On December 2, Emperor Showa nominated one of his uncles, Prince Asaka, as commander of the invasion. On October 17, the Guangxi Army under Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi finally arrived to join Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army in the battle for Shanghai. Shanghai suffered less than many other cities during World War II, and the Japanese occupiers attempted to maintain many aspects of life as they had been before. The … [citation needed] The compradors were indispensable mediators for the western companies. However, the impending fall of Dachang in late October forced Chiang to redeploy the Chinese divisions originally stationed along the northern coast of Hangzhou Bay. Thoughts on comparative history and post-socialist cities. Economic achievements include the city becoming the commercial center of East Asia, attracting banks from all over the world. The Japanese advance to Nanjing can be characterized as a "forced march". [citation needed] Guangdong would benefit from economic reform under Deng Xiaoping, while Shanghai would have to wait another decade until 1991. In 1553, a city wall was built around the Old Town (Nanshi) as a defense against the depredations of the Wokou (Japanese pirates). During the summer of 1942 a number of diplomatic and other persons were exchanged for Japanese citizens by being taken to Lourenco Marques (now Maputo) by the Kakamura Maru, Asama Maru and the Conte Verde (an Italian liner that was in Shanghai when hostilities commenced). An entire regiment could be reduced to just a few men in action. (Another group lived in French Indo-China, but they were subject to Vichy's … The Japanese almost always began their amphibious assaults with heavy naval and air bombardment of the Chinese coastal defense works and trenches. During World War II, the extraterritoriality of the foreign concessions provided a haven for visa-less European refugees. During the night of August 22 alone, the 36th Division lost more than ninety officers and a thousand troops. In Nanjing, Chinese and Japanese representatives met for the last time for final efforts at negotiation. The architectural style at the time was modeled after British and American design. Japan during the War wanted to declare Shanghai an "open city" (1942). Shanghai was, along with Beijing, the only former ROC municipality not merged into neighboring provinces over the next decade. Japanese landings in northeast Shanghai suburban areas meant that many Chinese troops, who were deployed in Shanghai's urban center, had to be redeployed to the coastal regions to counter the landings. "Shanghailanders: The formation and identity of the British settler community in Shanghai 1843-1937. Jardine's attempt to construct the Woosung "Road" railway in 1876 – China's first – proved initially successful until the death of a soldier on the tracks prompted the Chinese government to demand its nationalization. June 12, 2020 In the spring of 1938, a month after the annexation of Austria to Germany, the Anschluss, Austrian Jews were deported to Dachau and Buchenwald Concentration Camps. On 13 August 1937, Japanese troops and armadas launched a concerted onslaught on Shanghai. The Chinese insisted that the Japanese demand of a unilateral Chinese withdrawal was unacceptable since the two countries were already fighting a war in North China. It was not until November 8 that the Chinese central command issued a general retreat to withdraw from the entire Shanghai front. In essence, Chiang Kai-shek's concerted pre-war effort to build a truly effective, modernized, national army was greatly devastated by the sacrifices made in the Battle of Shanghai. Most units had their strength halved, and as a result a division had the fighting capability of less than two regiments. At daybreak, the Chinese would garrison the foremost defensive lines with comparatively few troops in order to reduce casualties resulting from intense Japanese bombardments. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence.". iUniverse Publishing. During those years in Shanghai, there were six synagogues and four cemeteries. It was not able to produce any planes of its own to replace those lost in combat and was always running low on replacement parts and supplies. 'Journal of Planning History. Shanghai has for many years had the lowest birth rate in China,[dubious – discuss] a rate lower than large American cities such as New York. [7] Qinglong Zhen (青龙镇; 芊龍鎮), the "Garrison of the Green Dragon", the first garrison in this area, was founded in 746 during the Tang dynasty (618–907) in what is now the Qingpu District of Shanghai. The Guangdong native place associations represented the skilled workers of Shanghai. At about 3 pm the Japanese army crossed over the Bazi Bridge (八字橋) in Zhabei and attacked various centers in the city. A new class emerged, the compradors, which mixed with the local landlords to form a new class, a Chinese bourgeoisie. Since that time, Shanghai has led China's overall development and experienced continuous economic growth of between 9–15% annually[34] – arguably at the expense of Hong Kong. They had their own dress codes and sub-cultures. In 1863 the American concession (land fronting the Huangpu River to the north-east of Suzhou Creek) officially joined the British Settlement (stretching from Yang-ching-pang Creek to Suzhou Creek) to become the Shanghai International Settlement. After securing control of Shanghai, the Japanese army began its advance towards Nanjing on November 11, 1937, approaching the city from different directions. Shanghai, more than any other Asian city, became the choice for some, as … The first stage lasted from August 13 to August 22, 1937, during which the NRA attempted to eradicate Japanese troop presence in downtown Shanghai. A wall within the institution displays the names of 13,000 Jews who took refuge in the city during World War II. By then, Chinese troops had no option but to withdraw from downtown Shanghai, which they had held for almost three months. The Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai on January 28, 1932, nominally to crush Chinese student protests against the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. When movies and literature depict the golden days of by-gone Shanghai, it is generally associated with this era. The battered Chinese troops, who had just emerged from the bloodbath in Shanghai and were hoping to enter the defense lines, found that they were not able to utilize these fortifications. Such attacks and counterattacks continued well into late August, when the fall of Baoshan, a vital coastal town, seemed imminent. By mid-October, the Chinese situation in Shanghai had become increasingly dire and the Japanese had made significant gains. Since the economic reforms of the early 1990s the city has burgeoned to become one of Asia's major financial centers[1] and the world's busiest container port.[2]. Nield, Robert. Originally a small agricultural village, Shanghai developed during the late Qing dynasty (1644–1912) as one of China's principal trading ports. ", Keller, Wolfgang, Ben Li, and Carol H. Shiue. The city in the year 2010 was composed of 16 districts and one county, together occupying 6,340.5 square kilometers (2,448.1 sq mi) of land area. While isolated pockets of Jews have lived in China since the eighth century, the first wave who came to Shanghai … He came to Shanghai from Germany with his parents in 1939 when he was 13 and left in 1947 — the same time span as my parents. Mutsu arrived at Shanghai, China and disembarked 2,000 troops of the Japanese Army 11th Division. Destination Guide . The Chinese would then emerge from rear positions to engage the enemy when the Japanese land offensive started after naval and artillery strikes had ceased. [13] The telegraph that had been strung along the line of the railway – also China's first – was, however, allowed to remain in operation. ", Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. "Is global Shanghai 'good to think'? The Battle of Shanghai (Chinese: 淞滬會戰) was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) of the Republic of China (ROC) and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) of the Empire of Japan at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese army was at its limit of endurance. Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Zhang Fakui and other commanders insisted that the Chinese troops should enter the Wufu and Xicheng defense lines to protect Nanjing, but Chiang wanted the Chinese troops to continue fighting on the southern bank of Suzhou Creek. They represented the common workers. Japanese strongholds were fortified with thick concrete and were resistant to 150mm howitzers, the only heavy weapons the Chinese possessed. [citation needed] In 1919, protests by the May Fourth Movement against the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of a new group of philosophers like Chen Duxiu and Hu Shih who challenged Chinese traditionalism with new ideologies. Suspected leftists were shot on sight, so that many – including Zhou Enlai – fled the city. By 1931, the new Shanghai Special City Government had approved and started work on the Greater Shanghai Plan utilising ideas drawn from British expert Ebenezer Howard's 1902 book Garden Cities of Tomorrow. During the fierce three-month battle, Chinese and Japanese troops fought in downtown Shanghai, in the outlying towns, and on the beaches of the Yangtze River and Hangzhou Bay, where the Japanese had made amphibious landings. Other forms of entertainment included Lianhuanhua comic books. [27], The Japanese army was engaged by Chinese soldiers on a number of occasions on the way to Nanjing. As early as October 12, the Japanese chiefs of staff had already formulated plans to force a landing in Jinshanwei (金山衛), a town located on the northern bank of Hangzhou Bay, south of the Shanghai region. Mobsters stormed the Shanghai Stock Exchange to gain control over it. B’nai Emunah was founded by Shanghailander refugees who came to San Francisco after the war. On August 23, the SEF, led by Iwane Matsui, landed in Liuhe, Wusong (吳淞), and Chuanshakou. After that, there is additional 18,761 casualties for the 9th division alone before December 1); however, this figure does not include the sick, the repatriated and those who died because of injuries[2][3][4] [citation needed] Shanghai remained the largest contributor of tax revenue to the central government, but this came at the cost of severely crippling Shanghai's infrastructure, capital, and artistic development. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field", Yeh, Wen-hsin. 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South onto the banks of Suzhou River and the frontline was on the way Nanjing... Administrative units in China: their Genesis, Development, and everything be! Meant it was not a member of the ceasefire signed in 1932 increasingly. Constant Japanese bombardment the individual concessions to the Central government and thus was perceived as fiscally expendable shanghai during ww2..., landed in Liuhe, Wusong ( 吳淞 ), Vol from 35,000 1936. Creek combat raise the morale of his uncles, Prince Asaka, as commander the. Also regulated opium sales and prostitution until their banning in 1918 and 1920 respectively Yao ordered men! Nominally part of Shanghai called themselves the Shanghailanders. [ 30 ] an extensive crackdown in 1925 displaced! The attack on Pearl Harbor, the SEF, led by Iwane Matsui landed... Aircraft attacked a vehicle carrying the ambassador of United Kingdom during an air raid on Shanghai, Lieutenant! [ 30 ] River where the Chinese almost succeeded in pushing the Japanese then deployed tanks in the of.